Poetry

**__Poetry presentations__**

Alexis Demoulas: Imagery What should a poem do? a. Trigger our senses b. Remind readers of their own memories c. Make readers emotional d. Give us new insight Vocab: 1. Image: A concrete representation of a sense, impression, feeling or idea.

Types: 1. Visual (something seen) 2. Aural (something heard) 3. Tactile (something felt) 4. Olfactory (something smelled) 5. Gustatory (something tasted)

Imagery: Refer to a pattern of related details in a poem

Metaphorical/Symbolic: Suggests a type of emotion or idea that is conveyed throughout the poem

Rachael Ferrari **__Voice: Speaker and Tone__**


 * __Voice:__** Conveys feeling, imagery, and embodies meaning in a poem
 * __Tone :__** When you read a poem, you can “hear” the speakers voice, which conveys the poems implied attitude towards its subject.

Ways tone is conveyed in a poem:

• Use of meter and tone (or lack thereof) • Inclusion/exclusion of particular words • Choice of words • Sentence pattern of imagery and figurative language

Word choice affects mood!!!!


 * __Ironic Tone:__** A way of speaking that implies a discrepancy or opposition between what is said and what is meant.
 * __Dramatic Monologue:__** A speaker who addresses someone who is present. Enables the reader to get a vivid sense of the characters(s) and what is going on in the poem.

Rhythm and Meter Ben Ferguson n //Caesura-// a break or pause within a line (sometimes indicated by a comma) - represented by double slashes. n Ex.: CAN’T you FEEL my HEART beat FAST i WANT this to LAST, //i NEED you BY my SIDE// // Used to slow a line down, create a mood, and add emphasis to certain words or syllables.
 * __“In the Orchard”-- Muriel Stuart__**
 * Mood/tone: sad, mournful, lost, fallen hope, love, giving up
 * Women to a man—not afraid to proclaim love
 * Pregnant? —Was going to tell him and when realizes he thought relationship meant nothing to him, decides to not tell him
 * Ageless theme of unrequited/unreturned love
 * Whole poem is a dialogue—exchange between two people
 * Two speakers have very different personalities: The girl and the boy
 * Boy does not care, sees it as fun
 * Girl thought they would be together forever, committed
 * Different views of love
 * Questions show hopelessness
 * Gender roles?
 * __“Family Portrait”—Jacques Prevert__**
 * Mood: Melancholy, hopeless, lost, calm, morbid, desperation….
 * Tone is matter of fact, which highlights the way people adjust to war; becomes the norm (“She finds it all perfectly natural…”)
 * Family ties broken apart=centered around the war
 * Children die--also becomes the norm
 * With war comes death, have to learn to live with that (“life along with the cemetery”)

n  //Meter- //the measured and/or or patterned count of the stresses within a line of a poem n  //Foot- //the English unit of poetic meter consisting of a pattern of stressed or unstressed syllables. n A poetic foot is either //iambic, trochaic, anapestic, or dactylic. // ~An iambic line consists of //iambs//, which are two syllables long, the first being unaccented and the second being accented. Examples: “re-VERSE”, “out-SIDE”, “pre-VENT” ~A trochaic line consists of //trochees, //which are two syllables long, the first being accented and the second being unaccented. Examples: “FISH tank”, “HOME-work”, “PRO-ject” ~An anapestic line consists of //anapests, //which are three syllables long, the first two being unaccented and the third being accented. Examples: “un-der-STAND”, “com-pre-HEND” ~A dactylic line consists of //dactyls, //which are three syllables long, the first being accented and the final two being unaccented. Examples: “DAN-ger-ous”, “CHEER-ful-ly”

n  //Duple (double) meters- //meters that contain two syllables each. One is iambic- what is the other? n  //Triple meters- //meters that contain three syllables each. One is anapestic- what is the other? //~Rising meters- //meters that begin with an unstressed syllable and end with a stressed one. (iambic and ___) n  __//__Falling meters- //meters that begin with an unstressed syllable and end with a stressed one. (dactyl and//__ //_) // Substitute Feet // n  //Spondee- //a duple meter consisting of two stressed syllables (“KNICK-KNACK”) n  //Pyrrhic- //a duple meter consisting of two unstressed syllables (“in the”, “of a”) //

**Naming a line of poetry** // Lines of poetry are named based on the number of feet they contain. //

**Number of feet per line** // One foot- //monometer // Two feet- //dimeter // Three feet- //trimeter // Four feet- //tetrameter // Five feet- //pentameter // Six feet- //hexameter // Seven feet- //heptameter // Eight feet- //octameter // Name of feet in line + number of feet in line = name of a line of poetry

Example: sonnets are written in “iambic pentameter”- 5 iambic meters per line

n Stressed sylables are marked with a ΄ n Unstressed sylables are marked with a ˘ n Breaks between meters are marked with a / n Example: e΄v’r˘y/ ti΄me w˘e/ tou΄ch I˘/ ge΄t th˘is/ fee΄li˘ng an˘d/ e΄v’r˘y/ ti΄me w˘e/ ki΄ss I˘/ swe΄ar I΄/ cou˘ld fl΄y (sorry, this doesn’t work so well on the computer…)
 * Marking poetry **

This song is written mainly in trochaic pentameter with a few switched meters at the end and an extra syllable at the beginning of the second line. //

Free verse- //verse without a fixed metrical pattern n  //Blank verse- //unrhymed iambic pentameter n  //Sonnet- //a 14 line poem usually written in iambic pentameter n  //Closed or fixed form- //a poem in a strictly restrained form ex. : sonnet ~ //Scansion- //the act of measuring and naming verse, identifying the prevailing verse and the reason behind this verse, and explaining any variations to the usual metrical pattern. ~To set a mood n To draw attention to a particular line or phrase n To emphasize a point n To avoid sounding repetitive or monotonous n To create tension within the poem n To enable the reader to understand and experience a poem not only with their mind but also with their eyes and ears
 * Reason behind metric variation **
 * The importance behind meter and rhythm: Without the division of the line, a poem can not be a poem. The line is what separates prose from poetry. And without meter, there is no line.//

= = __Vocabulary __ · __Syntax- __ the grammatical structure of words in sentences and the deployment of sentences in longer units throughout the poem. (The order of words in sentences, the length of these sentences, and the use of different verbal patterns.) · __ Inversion __ -The reversal of the standard order of words in a line or sentence. Example: “Whose woods these are I think I know”. (Normal word order would be, “I think I know whose woods these are”.) __ Different Types of Syntax __ __ Broken Syntax- __ Refers to the act of using broken English. Basically when a writer does not use proper grammar and has many “breaks” in their sentences, thereby causing some confusion to the reader. (Thomas Hardy-”The Man He Killed”).
 * // Syntax

__ Balanced Syntax __ -Sentence structure in which a writer connects similar ideas using parallel clauses or phrases.

__ Ambiguous Syntax __ -Sentence structure in which the order of words makes it difficult to tell what the author means. (For example, in the sentence “There is an American History Teacher” one cannot tell whether there is a history teacher who is American, or if there is a teacher of American History.)

__ Mimetic Syntax __ -A poem or other literary work in which the writing imitates (In other words… Is a picture of) what the poem describes. (E.E. Cummings- “Me Up At Does”).

(Syntax can be found on page 55 in the Poetry Book) __Other Things To Remember About Syntax __ · Syntax frequently is just a part of a poets writing style and therefore may //not //be an intentional doing. · The use of breaks, frequently indicated by the use of dashes (—) is considered a use of syntax because it changes the grammatical structure. · The general flow of a poem is considered syntax and therefore all poems have syntax. //

Zalia Rojas ** __ Sound Vocabulary __** __Rhyme __ : matching of the final vowel and consonant sounds in two or more words -k ****__eep__ and w__eep__ -Pleasing to the reader, difficult for the poet- finding a word that makes sense in the poem as well as rhyme with a word __End rhyme __ : rhymes at the ends of lines __Internal rhyme __ : rhymes within the lines __Exact rhyme/ perfect rhyme __ : rhyming words that share corresponding sounds and stresses and a similar number of syllables - Car and bar -reason and treason __Imperfect/ approximate/ slant rhyme __: rhyming words that don't share corresponding sounds, stresses and/or similar number of syllables Slow and law- Emily Dickinson's "Crumbling is not an instant's Act" __Feminine rhyme __ : final syllable of the rhymed word is unstressed - dizzy easy __Masculine rhyme __ : final syllable of the rhymed word is stressed or the words rhymed are both one syllable -a cross emboss //__Alliteration __ : repetition of consonant sounds especially at the beginning of words __Crisscross alliteration __ : when one pair of words that repeat the same consonant sound are separated by two other words that alliterate -__dr__eam //**sl**eep** sl**ip __dr__own __<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(51,102,255); font-family: Arial;">Assonance __ : repetition of vowel sounds -repetition of sound brings imagery -can highlight significance of a line if there's no alliteration or assonance in the midst of many lines containing alliteration or assonance

Long vowel sound: d **a**te, m**ee**t, wr**i**te, s**o**,** u**niverse- sounds like the actual letter Short vowel sound: c **a**t, sl**e**pt, p**i**g,** o**ctopus,** u**nderstand Elements of sound help give a poem its flow and musical rhythm. **__ Sound Lesson Poems __ __<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(255,102,0); font-family: Arial;">"Sound and Sense" by Alexander Pope(68) __ **<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(255,102,0); font-family: Arial;"> -Writing is art- takes practice, just doesn't come -everything flows but when something doesn't it stands out -some lines go quickly some go slowly - Fall and rise of sound in poetry -music in poetry- Timotheus was musician in a poem but music belongs to author Dryden because he wrote the poetry -Alliteration enhances imagery- "And the smooth stream in smoother numbers flows" -rhyming contributes to flow **

__<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(255,102,0); font-family: Arial;">"The Universe" by May Swenson(69) __ -why do we humans think the universe is about us? -what does the universe think about us? -no laws or reasoning without us, but does the universe need us? -why are we here if the universe doesn't need us? -Assonance of the short i sound- ironic uses letter "I" in a poem that tries to get us thinking about universe instead of ourselves **
 * - Why do we have to understand everything?- no reason

__<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(255,102,0); font-family: Arial;">Alliteration Video __ **<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(255,102,0); font-family: Arial;"> - keep in mind how difficult it is to come up with words that rhyme and make sense **

__ Alliteration Video __** http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSwMQbHexNM **

__ Sources: __ ** -Poetry: An Introduction Robert DiYanni 63-66, 68-69 - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSwMQbHexNM

**__ Symbol & Allegory __

Light may symbolize hope Natural Symbols can stand for contradictory things **** __ Allegory: __// a form of narrative in which people, places and happenings have hidden or symbolic meanings
 * __ Symbol __ : // an object or action that means more than itself, any object, or action that represents something beyond itself. // Examples: Rose can represent Love

Generally two levels of meaning: Literal Symbolic

Symbolic works that are not allegorical are less systematic and more open ended in what their symbol means

*Some questions to ask when interpreting symbols:** - Is the object, action, gesture, or event important to the poem? - Does it occur repeatedly? - Is it described in detail? - Does the poem seem to warrant our granting its details more significance than their immediate literal meaning? - Does the symbolic meaning make sense?

Ariana Twomey
**Structure** is the design or form of literary work. Structure is seen in poems through patterns of sound and image and the structure of syntax and thought. Closed vs. Open Form An example of a closed or fixed form poem is a sonnet. Closed forms are recognized by their repetition, meter and rhyme patterns which are seen and heard. Types of Sonnets & Open or Free Form does not follow any restrictions.
 * Closed Form: **
 * 14 line poem usually written in iambic pentameter
 * **//Shakespearean//** or **//English Sonnet//** has three quatrains, a four line stanza containing a rhyme pattern. ABAB CDCD EFEF GG
 * Each quatrain is a single sentence, as well as the couplet.
 * **//Petrarchan//** or **//Italian Sonnet//** is divided into two parts:
 * An octave of eight lines with a rhyme scheme of abba abba
 * a sestet of six lines with a choice of rhyme scheme; ced ced or cde cde or cd cd cd.
 * Open Form: **